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A long, straight thing (in this case, square tube) is positioned against the wheels, axle-high. The wheel to be checked (or both wheels) is parked on top of two pieces of aluminum with grease between them, to remove tire friction errors.
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A carpender's square measures the angle between the wheel hub and the straight square tube. A caliper measures the difference between the distance to the front edge of the hub, and the rear edge.
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Here you can see the tire sitting on the greased plates.
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I have way too much toe-in here. It's about 2.5 degrees! Different shims corrected this.
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Notice that the front of the hub (where the caliper is touching) is much farther from the edge of the square than the rear of the hub. That's a lot of toe-in. I think the maximum allowable difference is 1/8 inch. I have over 1/4 inch.
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